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With its status as the world’s most populous nation, India faces a formidable task of ensuring the universal provision of safe sanitation and efficient sewage and wastewater management, capable of catering to a booming urban population. India’s household-level sewerage network coverage currently falls behind that of most developed countries, underscoring the critical nature of this challenge. In fact, according to the Central Pollution Control Board, the existing sewage treatment capacity is lesser than the sewage generation, resulting in a substantial capacity deficit. It accounts for only 43.9 percent of sewage generation, with a mere 75 percent utilization due to the limited sewerage network coverage. Traditionally, expanding sewerage networks and constructing new sewage treatment plants (STPs) have been considered the primary solutions for bridging this gap, despite being cost-intensive and time-consuming. In spite of these challenges, India has been actively embracing innovative digital solutions that can bring about a transformative shift in sewage and wastewater treatment operations and service delivery in cities.
Digital solutions have offered a multifaceted approach to tackling India’s sewage and wastewater sector challenges. Technologies enable real-time monitoring of sewage and wastewater parameters, facilitating swift responses to water quality issues and system failures. Predictive maintenance, driven by artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) based sensor technologies, helps prevent breakdowns, maintains treated wastewater output quality, and manages the operational costs of treatment facilities. The data collected during operations and maintenance (O&M) and service delivery outcomes can be harnessed to optimise resource allocation, enhance system performance, make informed decisions regarding infrastructure expansion and upgrades, and manage the energy requirements of the treatment facilities. Globally and domestically, the implementation of digital initiatives has shown the potential to accelerate outcomes, reduce O&M costs, and elevate the overall utility service delivery levels of a utility provider or an urban local body (ULB).
Enabling digital transformation in wastewater management has been driven by a comprehensive suite of governmental initiatives to make Indian city's water secure. The Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) 2.0 scheme launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) in October 2021, aims to make Indian cities “water secure” by providing tap water connections to all urban households, encompassing over 4,800 ULBs, and achieving 100 percent coverage of sewage and septage management services in 500 AMRUT cities. Under the mission, monitoring elements have been integrated into project designs, including the use of smart sensors, supervisory control, data acquisition-based systems, and geographic information systems. Complemented by Swachh Bharat Mission Urban 2.0 for urban coverage, the Government of India (GoI) has provided funding for the creation of wastewater treatment infrastructure in ULBs with a population of less than 0.1 million, increasing the provision of sewage and wastewater management services across urban areas. Similarly, innovative smart solutions have been implemented in wastewater treatment projects under the Smart Cities Mission. Furthermore, MoHUA has also launched the India Water PitchPilotScale Startup Challenge, designed to support 100 startup companies and provide a Rs 2 million grant-based funding, while partnering them with municipal corporations or parastatal agencies like water and sewerage boards. Thus, the impetus given by the government has significantly backed the digital transformation journey in India’s sewage and wastewater sector, fostering the adoption of these innovative solutions across Indian cities.
In related developments, several Indian cities and states have also embraced digital innovations to address sewage and wastewater management challenges head-on. For instance, a sensor-based monitoring system is being piloted in Gurugram, Haryana, to prevent sewer overflow, with sensors installed in frequency leaking manholes that send alerts to officials when overflow levels are detected. Similarly, the Delhi Jal Board has implemented the intelligence self-administered self-monitored automatic chemical dosing (ISASMACD) technology in Delhi’s STPs, utilizing AI and IoT to ensure high water quality and effectively monitor equipment health. These digital innovations showcase the burgeoning commitment and appetite of Indian cities to adopt digital solutions for more efficient and sustainable sewage and wastewater management operations and service delivery.
Indian cities are on the cusp of service delivery transformation with the adoption of next-level digital innovations, including holistic solutions for socioeconomic and environmental resilience in urban areas. Integrated service delivery solutions, including drone-based monitoring, are being adopted by utilities worldwide to monitor day-to-day plant operations and track overflow of raw sewage into water bodies. Similarly, on the global front, digital solutions have also been effective in increasing the energy efficiency of STP operations, enabling low-carbon transition, and strengthening the climate resilience of wastewater treatment facilities and the overall water management systems in cities.
Among these global initiatives, in the Breakthrough by Dynamic Approach in Sewage High Technology initiative driven by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism (MLIT) of Japan, 25 wastewater projects have adopted AI-based operation support systems for monitoring sewerage network infrastructure. MLIT is partnering with municipalities and private sector operators to reduce emissions and enhance operational efficiency in sewage treatment. Conversely, climate change has led to more frequent rainfall coverage in Copenha gen, Denmark, resulting in a shortage in wastewater treatment capacity for the city center. The local utility service provider has deployed a real-time monitoring tool to control wastewater networks and treatment plants based on weather conditions. The tool can forecast the risk of heavy rainfall several hours ahead and pinpoint zones within the city vulnerable to flooding. Simultaneously, the software switches the wastewater treatment plants to a “heavy rainfall” mode, temporarily increasing their treatment capacity to avoid blockages and overflows. Therefore, as these technologies scale up and mature, their potential impact shall widen and create a ripple effect across all million-plus population cities in India, which can then serve as pilots for innovative solutions emerging across the globe.
Despite the promising potential signaled by the initial uptake of these transformational initiatives in Indian cities, implementing digital solutions in the sewage and wastewater sector poses significant challenges for Indian cities. The upfront investment for deploying IoT sensors, AI systems, and other digital technologies is substantial, often being a barrier for utility providers catering to smaller municipalities. Additionally, managing sensitive data collected from sewage systems demands rigorous data privacy and security measures to prevent unauthorized access and potential breaches. Furthermore, the O&M of digitally enabled infrastructure necessitates a skilled workforce, which may not be readily available in some Indian cities. Lastly, achieving seamless communication and integration among various digital systems presents a technical challenge that must be addressed for optimal performance.
It is imperative to foster further domestic research and innovation in sewage and wastewater management, supporting research institutions and startups dedicated to working in the water sector to ensure success in this transformative journey. Learnings and insights can be gained from successful GoI platforms such as Innovations for Defence Excellence. This institution has provided startups with digital solutions in the defense sector, demonstrating India’s ability to propel digital solutions and stimulate innovation in this critical sector. While MoHUA’s drive behind the India Water PitchPilotScale Startup Challenge has garnered the interest of startup organizations towards sewage and wastewater management, a more sustained mode of engagement is required from the private sector to foster and encourage innovation in the water sector.
Moreover, achieving digital transformation of service delivery through the analysis of big data sets requires a comprehensive strategy that includes robust data security measures to safeguard sensitive information. A task force may be established under the Technology Sub Mission AMRUT 2.0 involving ULBs, parastatal agencies, contractors, utility service providers, research institutions, and industry experts to brainstorm policy reforms that could propel the adoption and uptake of digital solutions in sewage and wastewater management. For instance, open datasets related to water supply and wastewater may be created by utilities and ULBs, enabling innovators to develop solutions based on real-time data from Indian cities. It will also be essential to formulate standardized protocols and guidelines for adopting digital technologies, ensuring consistent quality and interoperability.
Lastly, there is also a need for sustained capacity-building efforts to augment the existing skillsets of the workforce engaged in wastewater management. Specific training programs must be designed to train city-level engineers engaged with the respective ULBs or parastatal agencies. Private sector engagement will be necessary to leverage the experience of global firms in the implementation of pilot projects and scaling up similar innovative projects in various geographies. Therefore, by embracing this transformative journey, Indian cities can architect a sustainable, low-carbon future, ensuring a more equitable and stable supply of the critical resource that is water.
This article was originally published in Indian Infrastructure magazine on 01 September 2023.